Women vulnerable in peace processes

“In short, peace projects can force women to live side by side with ex-combatants who committed atrocities during the war. This puts them at risk of further threat and violence,” explains Karen Brounéus, professor of peace and conflict research at Uppsala University.

Together with colleagues at Uppsala University, the Centre for Social Change in Nepal and the University of Colombo in Sri Lanka, she has in a new study examined how peace processes in former conflict-hit areas in Sri Lanka and Nepal have affected women and men. The two countries were chosen because they have been at peace for similar lengths of time, but are very different in other respects. For example, they experienced different types of conflicts, but most importantly, the two conflicts ended in very different ways, which fundamentally affected the peace processes.

In Nepal, the conflict ended with a negotiated peace agreement; in Sri Lanka, the government army defeated the rebel group in a very brutal way. The survey was conducted in the form of a household survey, with over 1,000 people in Nepal and 1,000 people in Sri Lanka participating. In Nepal, respondents were selected from districts affected to varying degrees by the conflict; in Sri Lanka, respondents were selected to ensure a variety in ethnic backgrounds. In both countries, half the respondents were women and half were men.

Survey in Nepal and Sri Lanka

Participants were asked about their war experiences, attitudes towards ex-combatants and different types of peace initiatives. The results show clear differences between women and men in their attitudes towards peacebuilding measures that affect everyday life, with women being more negative than men. However, there is no significant difference in how men and women view processes that take place far away from everyday life, at the elite level.

“For women, a peace agreement does not always mean peace and security. Previous research shows that domestic violence increases during and after war, and that many of the methods used for peacebuilding pose risks to women. For example, in truth commissions, which are often set up under pressure from the international community, the process of testifying about war crimes can be retraumatising.

In addition, if the testimonies relate to conflict-related sexual violence, this can also lead to the woman being stigmatised. It is therefore not surprising that women in our study have more negative attitudes towards peace initiatives that affect everyday security,” says Brounéus.

Women play a crucial role

She emphasises that the results should not be interpreted as women being against peace or not working for peace. On the contrary, previous research has shown that globally, women play a crucial role in both initiating and driving various forms of peacebuilding.

“Unfortunately, women are rarely part of designing the peace agreement and their safety is not a political priority after war. There is great potential for improvement here, if the international community and the UN were to start making more space for women’s perspectives. Research also shows that peace agreements are more sustainable when more voices and perspectives are heard,” adds Brounéus.

Elin Bäckström